Biodiesel: Exploration of Microalgae as Feedstock, Methods, Production, and Characterization
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.71131/1xbqd828Abstract
Microalgae have emerged as a promising feedstock for biodiesel due to their high lipid content, rapid growth rate, and minimal land requirements compared to conventional oil crops. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of current research on microalgae-based biodiesel, covering feedstock selection, oil extraction methods, production processes, and product characterization. Literature from 2000 to 2025 was systematically analyzed, focusing on microalgae species with high lipid yield, ultrasonic and solvent extraction techniques, transesterification methods using acid and base catalysts, and physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel. Key advantages of microalgae include sustainable cultivation, high productivity, CO₂ mitigation, and the potential for generating valuable co-products such as proteins and carbohydrates. Challenges such as optimization of lipid content, extraction efficiency, and large-scale production are also discussed. The review highlights trends, knowledge gaps, and future directions, emphasizing the potential of microalgae to support sustainable biodiesel production and contribute to renewable energy development
Keywords:
microalgae, biodiesel, lipid extraction, transesterification, biofuel characterizationDownloads
References
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Risnoyatiningsih, S. (2010). Biodiesel from avocado seeds by transesterification process. Jurnal Teknik Kimia, 5(1), 345–351.
Septianto, A. D., Aji, S., Mirzayanti, W., Kimia, J. T., & Industri, F. T. (n.d.). Produksi Biodiesel dari Mikroalga Nannochloropsis sp . Menggunakan Metode Transesterifikasi dengan Bantuan Katalis Heterogen CaO / Hydrotalcite. 493–498.
Srivastava, A., & Prasad, R. (2000). Triglycerides-based diesel fuels. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 4(2), 111–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-0321(99)00013-1
Trisnawati, E., Andesti, D., & Saleh, A. (2013). Pembuatan kitosan dari limbah cangkang kepiting sebagai bahan pengawet buah duku dengan variasi lama pengawetan. Jurnal Teknik Kimia, 19(2), 17–26.
Xie, W., & Li, H. (2006). Alumina-supported potassium iodide as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from soybean oil. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 255(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2006.03.061
Amini, S., & Susilowati, R. (2010). Produksi biodiesel dari mikroalga. 5(1), 23–32.
Balabin, R. M., Lomakina, E. I., & Safieva, R. Z. (2011). Neural network (ANN) approach to biodiesel analysis: Analysis of biodiesel density, kinematic viscosity, methanol and water contents using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Fuel, 90(5), 2007–2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.11.038
Banerjee, A., Sharma, R., Chisti, Y., & Banerjee, U. C. (2002). Botryococcus braunii : A Renewable Source of Hydrocarbons and Other Chemicals. 22(3), 245–279.
Batista, A. D., Amais, R. S., & Rocha, F. R. P. (2016). Liquid-liquid microextraction in sequential injection analysis for the direct spectrophotometric determination of acid number in biodiesel. Microchemical Journal, 124, 55–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2015.07.022
Budiman, A., Kusumaningtyas, R. D., Pradana, Y. S., Lestari, N. A., Press, U. G. M., & Press, G. M. U. (2018). Biodiesel: Bahan Baku, Proses, dan Teknologi: Bahan Baku, Proses, dan Teknologi. UGM PRESS. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=GmlVDwAAQBAJ
Farrokheh, A. (2020). Biodiesel production from the Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis microalgae by electrolysis using CaO / KOH-Fe 3 O 4 and KF / KOH-Fe 3 O 4 as magnetic nanocatalysts.
Fazal, T., Saif, M., Rehman, U., Javed, F., & Akhtar, M. (2021). Chemosphere Integrating bioremediation of textile wastewater with biodiesel production using microalgae ( Chlorella vulgaris ). Chemosphere, 281(September 2020), 130758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130758
Jazie, A. A., Abed, S. A., Jawad, M., & Ali, M. (2019). Engineering Science and Technology , an International Journal Continuous biodiesel production in a packed bed reactor from microalgae Chlorella sp . using DBSA catalyst. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, xxxx, 4–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2019.08.002
Jumiarni, D. (2018). KULTUR MIKROALGA DARI RAWA GAMBUT : STUDI PENDAHULUAN POTENSI. March.
Kim, E. J., Kim, S., Choi, H. G., & Han, S. J. (2020). Biotechnology for Biofuels Co ‑ production of biodiesel and bioethanol using psychrophilic microalga Chlamydomonas sp . KNM0029C isolated from Arctic sea ice. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-020-1660-z
Kumar, U., Joseph Paul, S., & Jain, S. (2020). Biochar: A source of nano catalyst in transesterification process. Materials Today: Proceedings, 46(xxxx), 5501–5505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.248
Kwon, M. H., & Yeom, S. H. (2015). Optimization of One-step Extraction and Transesterification Process for Biodiesel Production from the Marine Microalga Nannochloropsis sp . KMMCC 290 Cultivated in a Raceway Pond. 283, 276–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12257-014-0599-y
Mujizat Kawaroe, T. P. A. S. D. W. S. D. A., & Sardin, D. S. (2019). Mikroalga Potensi dan Pemanfaatannya untuk Produksi Bio Bahan Bakar. PT Penerbit IPB Press.
Pahnila, S., Siponen, M., Mahmood, A., Aalsalem, M. Y., Khan, W. Z., Gharibi, W., Khan, M. K., Arshad, Q., Al-Fadhli, M., Zaher, A., World Economic Forum, Khan, W. Z., Khan, K., Rashid, A., Danezis, G., Chivers, H., Lupu, E., Martin, A., Lewis, M., … World Economic Forum. (2018). Pedoman Penanganan dan Penyimpanan Biodiesel dan Campuran Biodiesel (B30). 2018 International Conference on Computing Sciences and Engineering, ICCSE 2018 - Proceedings, 16(3), 1–6. https://www.weforum.org/whitepapers/cyber-resilience-in-the-oil-and-gas-industry-playbook-for-boards-and-corporate-officers%0Ahttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2018.04.004%0Ahttp://aisel.aisnet.org/pacis2007/73
Petchsoongsakul, N., Ngaosuwan, K., Kiatkittipong, W., Wongsawaeng, D., & Assabumrungrat, S. (2020). Different water removal methods for facilitating biodiesel production from low-cost waste cooking oil containing high water content in hybridized reactive distillation. Renewable Energy, 162, 1906–1918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.09.115
Risnoyatiningsih, S. (2010). Biodiesel from avocado seeds by transesterification process. Jurnal Teknik Kimia, 5(1), 345–351.
Septianto, A. D., Aji, S., Mirzayanti, W., Kimia, J. T., & Industri, F. T. (n.d.). Produksi Biodiesel dari Mikroalga Nannochloropsis sp . Menggunakan Metode Transesterifikasi dengan Bantuan Katalis Heterogen CaO / Hydrotalcite. 493–498.
Srivastava, A., & Prasad, R. (2000). Triglycerides-based diesel fuels. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 4(2), 111–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-0321(99)00013-1
Trisnawati, E., Andesti, D., & Saleh, A. (2013). Pembuatan kitosan dari limbah cangkang kepiting sebagai bahan pengawet buah duku dengan variasi lama pengawetan. Jurnal Teknik Kimia, 19(2), 17–26.
Xie, W., & Li, H. (2006). Alumina-supported potassium iodide as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from soybean oil. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 255(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2006.03.061
Amini, S., & Susilowati, R. (2010). Produksi biodiesel dari mikroalga. 5(1), 23–32.
Balabin, R. M., Lomakina, E. I., & Safieva, R. Z. (2011). Neural network (ANN) approach to biodiesel analysis: Analysis of biodiesel density, kinematic viscosity, methanol and water contents using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Fuel, 90(5), 2007–2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.11.038
Banerjee, A., Sharma, R., Chisti, Y., & Banerjee, U. C. (2002). Botryococcus braunii : A Renewable Source of Hydrocarbons and Other Chemicals. 22(3), 245–279.
Batista, A. D., Amais, R. S., & Rocha, F. R. P. (2016). Liquid-liquid microextraction in sequential injection analysis for the direct spectrophotometric determination of acid number in biodiesel. Microchemical Journal, 124, 55–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2015.07.022
Budiman, A., Kusumaningtyas, R. D., Pradana, Y. S., Lestari, N. A., Press, U. G. M., & Press, G. M. U. (2018). Biodiesel: Bahan Baku, Proses, dan Teknologi: Bahan Baku, Proses, dan Teknologi. UGM PRESS. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=GmlVDwAAQBAJ
Farrokheh, A. (2020). Biodiesel production from the Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis microalgae by electrolysis using CaO / KOH-Fe 3 O 4 and KF / KOH-Fe 3 O 4 as magnetic nanocatalysts.
Fazal, T., Saif, M., Rehman, U., Javed, F., & Akhtar, M. (2021). Chemosphere Integrating bioremediation of textile wastewater with biodiesel production using microalgae ( Chlorella vulgaris ). Chemosphere, 281(September 2020), 130758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130758
Jazie, A. A., Abed, S. A., Jawad, M., & Ali, M. (2019). Engineering Science and Technology , an International Journal Continuous biodiesel production in a packed bed reactor from microalgae Chlorella sp . using DBSA catalyst. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, xxxx, 4–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2019.08.002
Jumiarni, D. (2018). KULTUR MIKROALGA DARI RAWA GAMBUT : STUDI PENDAHULUAN POTENSI. March.
Kim, E. J., Kim, S., Choi, H. G., & Han, S. J. (2020). Biotechnology for Biofuels Co ‑ production of biodiesel and bioethanol using psychrophilic microalga Chlamydomonas sp . KNM0029C isolated from Arctic sea ice. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-020-1660-z
Kumar, U., Joseph Paul, S., & Jain, S. (2020). Biochar: A source of nano catalyst in transesterification process. Materials Today: Proceedings, 46(xxxx), 5501–5505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.248
Kwon, M. H., & Yeom, S. H. (2015). Optimization of One-step Extraction and Transesterification Process for Biodiesel Production from the Marine Microalga Nannochloropsis sp . KMMCC 290 Cultivated in a Raceway Pond. 283, 276–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12257-014-0599-y
Mujizat Kawaroe, T. P. A. S. D. W. S. D. A., & Sardin, D. S. (2019). Mikroalga Potensi dan Pemanfaatannya untuk Produksi Bio Bahan Bakar. PT Penerbit IPB Press.
Pahnila, S., Siponen, M., Mahmood, A., Aalsalem, M. Y., Khan, W. Z., Gharibi, W., Khan, M. K., Arshad, Q., Al-Fadhli, M., Zaher, A., World Economic Forum, Khan, W. Z., Khan, K., Rashid, A., Danezis, G., Chivers, H., Lupu, E., Martin, A., Lewis, M., … World Economic Forum. (2018). Pedoman Penanganan dan Penyimpanan Biodiesel dan Campuran Biodiesel (B30). 2018 International Conference on Computing Sciences and Engineering, ICCSE 2018 - Proceedings, 16(3), 1–6. https://www.weforum.org/whitepapers/cyber-resilience-in-the-oil-and-gas-industry-playbook-for-boards-and-corporate-officers%0Ahttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2018.04.004%0Ahttp://aisel.aisnet.org/pacis2007/73
Petchsoongsakul, N., Ngaosuwan, K., Kiatkittipong, W., Wongsawaeng, D., & Assabumrungrat, S. (2020). Different water removal methods for facilitating biodiesel production from low-cost waste cooking oil containing high water content in hybridized reactive distillation. Renewable Energy, 162, 1906–1918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.09.115
Risnoyatiningsih, S. (2010). Biodiesel from avocado seeds by transesterification process. Jurnal Teknik Kimia, 5(1), 345–351.
Septianto, A. D., Aji, S., Mirzayanti, W., Kimia, J. T., & Industri, F. T. (n.d.). Produksi Biodiesel dari Mikroalga Nannochloropsis sp . Menggunakan Metode Transesterifikasi dengan Bantuan Katalis Heterogen CaO / Hydrotalcite. 493–498.
Srivastava, A., & Prasad, R. (2000). Triglycerides-based diesel fuels. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 4(2), 111–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-0321(99)00013-1
Trisnawati, E., Andesti, D., & Saleh, A. (2013). Pembuatan kitosan dari limbah cangkang kepiting sebagai bahan pengawet buah duku dengan variasi lama pengawetan. Jurnal Teknik Kimia, 19(2), 17–26.
Xie, W., & Li, H. (2006). Alumina-supported potassium iodide as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from soybean oil. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 255(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2006.03.061